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Ibn Rushd (Abū l-Walīd Muḥammad Ibn ʾAḥmad Ibn Rušd), often Latinized as Averroes, was an Andalusian polymath and jurist who wrote about many subjects, including philosophy, theology, medicine, astronomy, physics, psychology, mathematics, Islamic jurisprudence and law, and linguistics. [1]
Abū al-Qāsim Khalaf ibn al-'Abbās al-Zahrāwī al-Ansari (936–1013) Latinised as Albucasis or Abulcasis (from Arabic Abū al-Qāsim), was a physician, surgeon and chemist from al-Andalus. He is considered one of the greatest surgeons of the Middle Ages. [2]
In fact, Spain under Islam was the time of religious and ethnic tolerance and interfaith harmony between Muslims, Christians and Jews. Many Christians in Spain assimilated parts of the Muslim culture. Impressed by the Muslim culture, many learnt Arabic, some even adopted the same clothes as their rulers (some Christian women even started wearing the veil); some took Arabic names. Christians who did this were known as Mozarabs. Although, Muslims did not explicitly hate or persecute the non-Muslims, some writers of the view that the natives lived a like of second class citizens and that the Muslim attitude toward non-Muslims is one not of hate or fear or envy but simply of contempt.
Poignant and often tragic scenes unfolded as the Moriscos were brought to the waiting ships. One old man arrived in Valencia declaring his wish to be buried on Muslim soil but dropped dead while boarding his ship. Other Moriscos died of hunger and exhaustion before leaving the shore. Muslim babies were snatched and even kidnapped for their spiritual salvation and later were raised as Christians. [3]
The plight of Muslims is worse and threatening due to the civil war, syas Imam of Beni, Musa Angwandi, is the leader of approximately 35,000 Muslims in Beni Territory. He says the community is very stressed, they are accused of things they haven’t done and he is afraid that if they are further intimidated they may take things into their own hands. During one of my many forays into the bush I see an abandoned mosque near Eringeti and when I ask the reason why it is no longer used I am told that the worshippers were chased away and pigs heads were left on the steps. As is so often the case with Congo stories, deeper digging reveals that this was less a tale of religious scapegoating and was more likely a manifestation of local political skirmishes.[3]
However, despite being underrepresented in the media and politically, the Muslim community in the Congo seems to be expanding and shows a stronger desire to exist on the political and social scene. The fragile stability of the region pushes the inhabitants to organize themselves so as not to create misunderstandings. The association “ Islamic Dynamics for the Fight against Terrorism in the Great Lakes Region ” was created to respond to extremism and the stigmatization of Muslims. This structure pleads with the Congolese government, which is mainly non-Muslim. During our discussion, the Sheikh sighs and notes the lack of representativeness of the population of Muslim faith in the DRC: “Out of 26 provinces of the country, no governor is Muslim. In the general assembly, 540 deputies, only two Muslims ”. [4]
Muslims who, like elsewhere, are fighting against stigmatization following a painfully heavy global context to bear. Redefining themselves, asserting themselves, being represented, so many battles that Muslims are struggling to lead in Europe as well. A country historically weakened by the thirst for power, the slave trade, colonization... but which continues to believe in hope. The Congolese have in common a bloody history and present. However, various testimonies lean towards the desire to build together with a view to social peace. A slim hope that everyone dreams of.
On a question in Quora whether there are Muslims in Bahamas, there was an answer by Nan Bowe Hilaire which stated: Yes, there are Muslims in the Bahamas. It’s a good size community there are about 300 maybe more by now. I even went to school with a girl whose family was Muslim she was the only Muslim in the entire school and was well love and respected, in the Bahamas even though there are many religions and some, of course, are more popular than others (Baptist, Catholic) everyone is really open-minded about different religions.
The first indigenous female Namibian is believed to have embraced Islam in the 1940s, while the first indigenous male is believed to have embraced Islam in 1979.
Some Namibians do not even know that Muslims are a different religious community and separate from Christianity, for example referring to a place of worship in Islam as a 'Muslim or Islamic Church', which is quite inaccurate, since Islam is a separate religion, not a part of Christianity, though there are a number of similarities between the two Abrahamic faiths, just like Judaism. It seems more like many Namibians are [ignorant] about Islam, yet curious, as they tend to look at Muslims as resembling people described in the Bible, especially in terms of some behaviors such as their dress code, dietary habits and religious practices. [3]
“When we greet people, we hug them. This is Islam. We don’t shake hands and leave them, so most of our cultures are Islamic. Polygamy – this is Islam. Islam encourages four wives. Before Islam came in, people already had two, three, four wives. This is Islam.“So, when the religion came in and said, ‘Oh we have to do this, our Islamic culture, we have to do this and that’, people fit in easily. So, it’s very easy for Papua New Guineans to embrace Islam. Once the religion itself spread I tell you, I’m just predicting in 20-30 years' time, all Papua New Guinea will submit to Islam”.
The mosque in downtown Port Moresby has been fire-bombed, there is a bullet hole in one of the windows, and a senior PNG Government minister once said that Islam was dangerous and a serious threat to peace and unity here.
Even if there was an easier way to get public financing for mosques, permission to open mosques are hard to get from authorities, and construction is often opposed by local communities. When there is an opportunity to build one, Muslim communities tend to avoid distinctive architectural elements such as minarets and cupolas, so as not to generate tension with local communities.
Italy is in a unique position compared to other European countries: it’s pluralistic. Its Islamic community comprises of relatively recent immigrants from many nations, none of which in overwhelming majority. This makes it harder for a group—national, or transnational, like the Muslim Brothers—to become hegemonic and exercise extremist influence. However, putting the Muslim community in a position to depend on foreign funding to build mosques (Saudi Arabia financed Rome’s Mosque, and Qatar is a big funder of Muslim institutions in the country) puts it at a higher risk of external influence, increasing the chances of isolation, which is a risk factor for radicalization. [2]
The Muslims in Italy lack a cohesive and united leadership. Combined with Islam’ intrinsic lack of clerical hierarchy and a weak internal cohesion and a poor level of organization, there is no effective body to represent the community when dealing with the Italian state, particularly at the macro level. However, one of the oldest Muslim organizations in Italy is the Islamic Cultural Center in Rome, which is based out of Rome’ Grand Mosque, Europe’ largest. Rome’ Grand Mosque. But despite its ample means and ambitions, its geographic limitation to the Rome area and its close relation to foreign governments prevent the Grand Mosque from being a nationally representative Muslim organization. [3]
There have been many cases of attacks on the mosques in Italy by the non-Muslim fanatics (though they still call Muslims as terrorists).Al-Qurʾān " القرآن " is the last of the four Divine Scriptures that was revealed to last of the prophets Muhammad ﷺ by Allah thro...